Since the Union of Burma regained independence from Britain in 1948, its peoples have not known peace, stability or unity. Successive military dictatorships have crushed any form of political opposition or dissent, waged war on Burma's numerous ethnic minorities, while abandoning the people to lives of impoverishment, danger, fear and loss.
Buddhist monks from Kha Khat Wain Kyaung, the second largest monastery in Burma, walking the early morning streets of Pegu collecting alms from local residents.
Buddhist monks from Kha Khat Wain Kyaung, the second largest monastery in Burma, walking the early morning streets of Pegu collecting alms from local residents.
Buddhist monks from Kha Khat Wain Kyaung, the second largest monastery in Burma, walking the early morning streets of Pegu collecting alms from local residents.
Photographs of Buddhist monks imprisoned by Burma's junta, displayed at the offices of the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP Burma), Mae Sot, Thailand.
AAPP estimate that there are currently over 2100 political prisoners incarcerated in Burma's gulag.
Photographs of Buddhist monks imprisoned by Burma's junta, displayed at the offices of the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP Burma), Mae Sot, Thailand.
AAPP estimate that there are currently over 2100 political prisoners incarcerated in Burma's gulag.
Photographs of Buddhist monks imprisoned by Burma's junta, displayed at the offices of the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP Burma), Mae Sot, Thailand.
AAPP estimate that there are currently over 2100 political prisoners incarcerated in Burma's gulag.
Novice monks studying in a Buddhist monastery, Moulmein, Mon State.
For many children, especially in rural areas, religious instruction will be the only education they receive because their families are too poor to pay for state or private schooling. Indeed, worsening levels of poverty mean that increasing numbers of families have no choice but to ordain their children as monks or nuns because they can no longer feed them themselves. Formal education in ethnic languages is often forbidden.
Novice monks studying in a Buddhist monastery, Moulmein, Mon State.
For many children, especially in rural areas, religious instruction will be the only education they receive because their families are too poor to pay for state or private schooling. Indeed, worsening levels of poverty mean that increasing numbers of families have no choice but to ordain their children as monks or nuns because they can no longer feed them themselves. Formal education in ethnic languages is often forbidden.
Novice monks studying in a Buddhist monastery, Moulmein, Mon State.
For many children, especially in rural areas, religious instruction will be the only education they receive because their families are too poor to pay for state or private schooling. Indeed, worsening levels of poverty mean that increasing numbers of families have no choice but to ordain their children as monks or nuns because they can no longer feed them themselves. Formal education in ethnic languages is often forbidden.
Having eaten their second meal of the day, monks from Mahagandagon Kyaung give their leftovers to the impoverished women and children of Amarapura. For many of those villagers receiving the paltry leftovers, this will be their only meal of the day - if they don't receive any food, then they go hungry.
Having eaten their second meal of the day, monks from Mahagandagon Kyaung give their leftovers to the impoverished women and children of Amarapura. For many of those villagers receiving the paltry leftovers, this will be their only meal of the day - if they don't receive any food, then they go hungry.
Having eaten their second meal of the day, monks from Mahagandagon Kyaung give their leftovers to the impoverished women and children of Amarapura. For many of those villagers receiving the paltry leftovers, this will be their only meal of the day - if they don't receive any food, then they go hungry.
An impoverished homeless boy, wearing a dress crafted from offcuts, squatting in front of the place where his family currently lives, on the banks of the Irrawaddy River.
An impoverished homeless boy, wearing a dress crafted from offcuts, squatting in front of the place where his family currently lives, on the banks of the Irrawaddy River.
An impoverished homeless boy, wearing a dress crafted from offcuts, squatting in front of the place where his family currently lives, on the banks of the Irrawaddy River.
Impoverished children waiting to scavenge through vegetable trash, shortly to be deposited on a spoil heap on the banks of the Pegu River, close to the city market. The area was also being used as a toilet.
Impoverished children waiting to scavenge through vegetable trash, shortly to be deposited on a spoil heap on the banks of the Pegu River, close to the city market. The area was also being used as a toilet.
Impoverished children waiting to scavenge through vegetable trash, shortly to be deposited on a spoil heap on the banks of the Pegu River, close to the city market. The area was also being used as a toilet.
Trash on Mahabandoola Street - A discarded copy of the junta-sponsored English-language newspaper, 'The New Light of Myanmar,' with its frontcover conveying the advice of supreme leader Senior General Than Shwe, Burma's paramount dictator.
Trash on Mahabandoola Street - A discarded copy of the junta-sponsored English-language newspaper, 'The New Light of Myanmar,' with its frontcover conveying the advice of supreme leader Senior General Than Shwe, Burma's paramount dictator.
Trash on Mahabandoola Street - A discarded copy of the junta-sponsored English-language newspaper, 'The New Light of Myanmar,' with its frontcover conveying the advice of supreme leader Senior General Than Shwe, Burma's paramount dictator.
In the midday heat of the hot season, an amputee father and his daughter collect grains of rice from the dirt of the street; the morning market having long since packed up and departed. Prome, Pegu Division.
Increasing food insecurity was one of the inderlying reasons why people began to demonstrate against the military dictatorship and its economic ineptitude, during August and September 2007. It is now accepted that, on average, 70% of household income in Burma is now spent on food.
In the midday heat of the hot season, an amputee father and his daughter collect grains of rice from the dirt of the street; the morning market having long since packed up and departed. Prome, Pegu Division.
Increasing food insecurity was one of the inderlying reasons why people began to demonstrate against the military dictatorship and its economic ineptitude, during August and September 2007. It is now accepted that, on average, 70% of household income in Burma is now spent on food.
In the midday heat of the hot season, an amputee father and his daughter collect grains of rice from the dirt of the street; the morning market having long since packed up and departed. Prome, Pegu Division.
Increasing food insecurity was one of the inderlying reasons why people began to demonstrate against the military dictatorship and its economic ineptitude, during August and September 2007. It is now accepted that, on average, 70% of household income in Burma is now spent on food.
Children collecting discarded fruit and vegetables from a rotting spoil heap in the middle of Zegyo market, Mandalay's biggest market, to feed themselves or to clean and sell. It is recognised that by the UN that at least one child in three in Burma is malnourished, and a third of them acutely. Given the dictatorship's wholly inadequate healthcare spending, tens of thousands of children die annually in Burma from easily preventable diseases.
Children collecting discarded fruit and vegetables from a rotting spoil heap in the middle of Zegyo market, Mandalay's biggest market, to feed themselves or to clean and sell. It is recognised that by the UN that at least one child in three in Burma is malnourished, and a third of them acutely. Given the dictatorship's wholly inadequate healthcare spending, tens of thousands of children die annually in Burma from easily preventable diseases.
Children collecting discarded fruit and vegetables from a rotting spoil heap in the middle of Zegyo market, Mandalay's biggest market, to feed themselves or to clean and sell. It is recognised that by the UN that at least one child in three in Burma is malnourished, and a third of them acutely. Given the dictatorship's wholly inadequate healthcare spending, tens of thousands of children die annually in Burma from easily preventable diseases.
Collecting dry twigs for cooking fuel, amidst the crumbling ruins of the Buddhist temples of Sagaing, and the squared-off hardwood logs that will be exported to China. Sagaing Division.
Collecting dry twigs for cooking fuel, amidst the crumbling ruins of the Buddhist temples of Sagaing, and the squared-off hardwood logs that will be exported to China. Sagaing Division.
Collecting dry twigs for cooking fuel, amidst the crumbling ruins of the Buddhist temples of Sagaing, and the squared-off hardwood logs that will be exported to China. Sagaing Division.
Burma Army soldiers on land confiscated for military use from farmers in Shan State.
The increase in the number of Burma Army soldiers, as a consequence of the 1988 uprising, to numbering over 400,000, has resulted in the systematic confiscation of land, almost always without compensation, across Burma.
Burma Army soldiers on land confiscated for military use from farmers in Shan State.
The increase in the number of Burma Army soldiers, as a consequence of the 1988 uprising, to numbering over 400,000, has resulted in the systematic confiscation of land, almost always without compensation, across Burma.
Burma Army soldiers on land confiscated for military use from farmers in Shan State.
The increase in the number of Burma Army soldiers, as a consequence of the 1988 uprising, to numbering over 400,000, has resulted in the systematic confiscation of land, almost always without compensation, across Burma.
Cutting sugar cane in fields where the Burma Army was known to take, by force, produce for their own use without payment or recompense to local farmers, Shan State.
Burma Army soldiers in the field are under orders to provide sustenance and funds for their own well-being without drawing on central military reserves; which positively encourages theft by soldiers of food, livestock, money and possessions.
Cutting sugar cane in fields where the Burma Army was known to take, by force, produce for their own use without payment or recompense to local farmers, Shan State.
Burma Army soldiers in the field are under orders to provide sustenance and funds for their own well-being without drawing on central military reserves; which positively encourages theft by soldiers of food, livestock, money and possessions.
Cutting sugar cane in fields where the Burma Army was known to take, by force, produce for their own use without payment or recompense to local farmers, Shan State.
Burma Army soldiers in the field are under orders to provide sustenance and funds for their own well-being without drawing on central military reserves; which positively encourages theft by soldiers of food, livestock, money and possessions.
A Shan grandmother with her granddaughter standing outside a clinic in a recently established Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in the Shan State Army - South's headquarters at Loi Tai Laeng. The refugees fled forced relocation of an estimated 300,000 villagers by the Burma Army in Central Shan State.
A Shan grandmother with her granddaughter standing outside a clinic in a recently established Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in the Shan State Army - South's headquarters at Loi Tai Laeng. The refugees fled forced relocation of an estimated 300,000 villagers by the Burma Army in Central Shan State.
A Shan grandmother with her granddaughter standing outside a clinic in a recently established Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in the Shan State Army - South's headquarters at Loi Tai Laeng. The refugees fled forced relocation of an estimated 300,000 villagers by the Burma Army in Central Shan State.
Colonel Yawd Serk, leader of the Shan State Army - South, testing a revolver that had just been presented to him by his subordinates, during the first Officers' Training Course held at Loi Tai Laeng. The Colonel was symbolically firing his new weapon into the forest to ward off bad spirits.
Colonel Yawd Serk, leader of the Shan State Army - South, testing a revolver that had just been presented to him by his subordinates, during the first Officers' Training Course held at Loi Tai Laeng. The Colonel was symbolically firing his new weapon into the forest to ward off bad spirits.
Colonel Yawd Serk, leader of the Shan State Army - South, testing a revolver that had just been presented to him by his subordinates, during the first Officers' Training Course held at Loi Tai Laeng. The Colonel was symbolically firing his new weapon into the forest to ward off bad spirits.
Burma Army soldiers being tattooed at a full moon festival in Maymyo, Mandalay Division. Between customers, the tattooist would wipe down his equipment with a dirty, oily rag, and the same needle was being used on dozens of mostly drunken young men.
Burma Army soldiers being tattooed at a full moon festival in Maymyo, Mandalay Division. Between customers, the tattooist would wipe down his equipment with a dirty, oily rag, and the same needle was being used on dozens of mostly drunken young men.
Burma Army soldiers being tattooed at a full moon festival in Maymyo, Mandalay Division. Between customers, the tattooist would wipe down his equipment with a dirty, oily rag, and the same needle was being used on dozens of mostly drunken young men.
Ethnic Shan women working in a bar/brothel in northern Thailand. Although all claimed to be Thais from the local area, it was clear that they originated from north of the border, from central Shan State - a region that has been largely depopulated by the Burma Army in preperation of the construction of a massive dam on the Salween River.
Ethnic Shan women working in a bar/brothel in northern Thailand. Although all claimed to be Thais from the local area, it was clear that they originated from north of the border, from central Shan State - a region that has been largely depopulated by the Burma Army in preperation of the construction of a massive dam on the Salween River.
Ethnic Shan women working in a bar/brothel in northern Thailand. Although all claimed to be Thais from the local area, it was clear that they originated from north of the border, from central Shan State - a region that has been largely depopulated by the Burma Army in preperation of the construction of a massive dam on the Salween River.
Novice Buddhist monks playing with spinning tops in the grounds of their monastery, Shan State. The military authorities have tried to restrict the teaching of the Buddhist scriptures in any language other than Burmese.
Novice Buddhist monks playing with spinning tops in the grounds of their monastery, Shan State. The military authorities have tried to restrict the teaching of the Buddhist scriptures in any language other than Burmese.
Novice Buddhist monks playing with spinning tops in the grounds of their monastery, Shan State. The military authorities have tried to restrict the teaching of the Buddhist scriptures in any language other than Burmese.
A Burma Army child soldier eating morning noodles in a market in Shan State. The Burma Army numbers more under-18s amongst their ranks than any other national army in the world. These children, often forced to enrol in the military, are usually underfed and ill-treated by their officers. They are deployed to warzones to fight ethnic insurgents, where they witness gross human rights abuses committed against civilians. Burma's child soldiers fight and die, and yet their generals continue to deny their existence.
A Burma Army child soldier eating morning noodles in a market in Shan State. The Burma Army numbers more under-18s amongst their ranks than any other national army in the world. These children, often forced to enrol in the military, are usually underfed and ill-treated by their officers. They are deployed to warzones to fight ethnic insurgents, where they witness gross human rights abuses committed against civilians. Burma's child soldiers fight and die, and yet their generals continue to deny their existence.
A Burma Army child soldier eating morning noodles in a market in Shan State. The Burma Army numbers more under-18s amongst their ranks than any other national army in the world. These children, often forced to enrol in the military, are usually underfed and ill-treated by their officers. They are deployed to warzones to fight ethnic insurgents, where they witness gross human rights abuses committed against civilians. Burma's child soldiers fight and die, and yet their generals continue to deny their existence.
Forced unpaid labour - father and son digging a channel along the side of a road, using the extracted earth to raise the level of the road. All households in the vicinity of the project, regardless of whether they lived on the road or not, were allocated, by the authorities, staked out areas on which to work, and had to provide their own tools to carry out their 'duty'. Much of the work was being done by children.
Forced unpaid labour - father and son digging a channel along the side of a road, using the extracted earth to raise the level of the road. All households in the vicinity of the project, regardless of whether they lived on the road or not, were allocated, by the authorities, staked out areas on which to work, and had to provide their own tools to carry out their 'duty'. Much of the work was being done by children.
Forced unpaid labour - father and son digging a channel along the side of a road, using the extracted earth to raise the level of the road. All households in the vicinity of the project, regardless of whether they lived on the road or not, were allocated, by the authorities, staked out areas on which to work, and had to provide their own tools to carry out their 'duty'. Much of the work was being done by children.
Forced unpaid labour - in the heat of the hot season, men, women and children break up rocks into surfacing material for a new major road project. According to local sources, the regional Burma Army commander kept all the funding for the construction project allocated by Rangoon, while the workers received nothing. Indeed, the workers had to provide their own tools and food while working on the construction project. The International Labor Organization has descibed Burma as a 'slave nation' because of the widespread daily use of forced unpaid labour by the authorities.
Forced unpaid labour - in the heat of the hot season, men, women and children break up rocks into surfacing material for a new major road project. According to local sources, the regional Burma Army commander kept all the funding for the construction project allocated by Rangoon, while the workers received nothing. Indeed, the workers had to provide their own tools and food while working on the construction project. The International Labor Organization has descibed Burma as a 'slave nation' because of the widespread daily use of forced unpaid labour by the authorities.
Forced unpaid labour - in the heat of the hot season, men, women and children break up rocks into surfacing material for a new major road project. According to local sources, the regional Burma Army commander kept all the funding for the construction project allocated by Rangoon, while the workers received nothing. Indeed, the workers had to provide their own tools and food while working on the construction project. The International Labor Organization has descibed Burma as a 'slave nation' because of the widespread daily use of forced unpaid labour by the authorities.
Former Burma Army soldiers - now amputees - sleeping on building rubble in Rangoon train station. The Burma Army is notorious for forcibly recruiting men and boys into its ranks at train stations and cinemas.
Former Burma Army soldiers - now amputees - sleeping on building rubble in Rangoon train station. The Burma Army is notorious for forcibly recruiting men and boys into its ranks at train stations and cinemas.
Former Burma Army soldiers - now amputees - sleeping on building rubble in Rangoon train station. The Burma Army is notorious for forcibly recruiting men and boys into its ranks at train stations and cinemas.
An ethnic Kayan man sleeping alongside his baby daughter, after mourning the death of his stepson. The teenager had been hunting in the forest inside Karenni when he stepped on a landmine. Badly injured, he put the barrel of his rifle into his mouth and pulled the trigger. His hunting companion heard an explosion and then a bang.
The sleeping Kayan man had lost his leg after standing on a landmine a year previously.
An ethnic Kayan man sleeping alongside his baby daughter, after mourning the death of his stepson. The teenager had been hunting in the forest inside Karenni when he stepped on a landmine. Badly injured, he put the barrel of his rifle into his mouth and pulled the trigger. His hunting companion heard an explosion and then a bang.
The sleeping Kayan man had lost his leg after standing on a landmine a year previously.
An ethnic Kayan man sleeping alongside his baby daughter, after mourning the death of his stepson. The teenager had been hunting in the forest inside Karenni when he stepped on a landmine. Badly injured, he put the barrel of his rifle into his mouth and pulled the trigger. His hunting companion heard an explosion and then a bang.
The sleeping Kayan man had lost his leg after standing on a landmine a year previously.
Young women riding in the back of a government-owned Rangoon City bus. In August 2007, sudden government price increases of 100% to 500% for petrol, diesel and CNG led to the cost of public transportation doubling overnight; making it impossible for passengers to afford to commute to work. This action sparked the first major nationwide demonstrations since 1988.
Young women riding in the back of a government-owned Rangoon City bus. In August 2007, sudden government price increases of 100% to 500% for petrol, diesel and CNG led to the cost of public transportation doubling overnight; making it impossible for passengers to afford to commute to work. This action sparked the first major nationwide demonstrations since 1988.
Young women riding in the back of a government-owned Rangoon City bus. In August 2007, sudden government price increases of 100% to 500% for petrol, diesel and CNG led to the cost of public transportation doubling overnight; making it impossible for passengers to afford to commute to work. This action sparked the first major nationwide demonstrations since 1988.
Sat on the ground amongst hundreds of enthused supporters, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and her followers watch performances celebrating Burmese New Year, in the compound of Daw Suu's family home in Rangoon.
Sat on the ground amongst hundreds of enthused supporters, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and her followers watch performances celebrating Burmese New Year, in the compound of Daw Suu's family home in Rangoon.
Sat on the ground amongst hundreds of enthused supporters, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and her followers watch performances celebrating Burmese New Year, in the compound of Daw Suu's family home in Rangoon.
Celebrations marking the 51st birthday of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, in the compound of her family home in Rangoon. Daw Suu is about to release a basketful of sparrows - a Buddhist custom that symbolises freedom and liberation - as National League for Democracy (NLD) leaders U Tin Oo and the late U Kyi Maung watch on.
Celebrations marking the 51st birthday of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, in the compound of her family home in Rangoon. Daw Suu is about to release a basketful of sparrows - a Buddhist custom that symbolises freedom and liberation - as National League for Democracy (NLD) leaders U Tin Oo and the late U Kyi Maung watch on.
Celebrations marking the 51st birthday of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, in the compound of her family home in Rangoon. Daw Suu is about to release a basketful of sparrows - a Buddhist custom that symbolises freedom and liberation - as National League for Democracy (NLD) leaders U Tin Oo and the late U Kyi Maung watch on.
Chained prisoners washing cars on the streets of Akyab, Arakan State.
Prisoners are often used in many forms of forced labour as a means for the authorities to raise funding or as a disposable resource. The most extreme and dangerous form of exploitation is when prisoners are forced to carry ordnance and provisions for Burma Army troops deployed in the frontline, fighting ethnic insurgents. They are used as human shields, forced to walk in front of soldiers across minefields and executed when no longer of use.
Chained prisoners washing cars on the streets of Akyab, Arakan State.
Prisoners are often used in many forms of forced labour as a means for the authorities to raise funding or as a disposable resource. The most extreme and dangerous form of exploitation is when prisoners are forced to carry ordnance and provisions for Burma Army troops deployed in the frontline, fighting ethnic insurgents. They are used as human shields, forced to walk in front of soldiers across minefields and executed when no longer of use.
Chained prisoners washing cars on the streets of Akyab, Arakan State.
Prisoners are often used in many forms of forced labour as a means for the authorities to raise funding or as a disposable resource. The most extreme and dangerous form of exploitation is when prisoners are forced to carry ordnance and provisions for Burma Army troops deployed in the frontline, fighting ethnic insurgents. They are used as human shields, forced to walk in front of soldiers across minefields and executed when no longer of use.
As the little girl plays around the public telephone her Burmese mother solicits for customers wanting to pay for sex, while her Burmese father waits nearby selling tiny packets of heroin. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
As the little girl plays around the public telephone her Burmese mother solicits for customers wanting to pay for sex, while her Burmese father waits nearby selling tiny packets of heroin. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
As the little girl plays around the public telephone her Burmese mother solicits for customers wanting to pay for sex, while her Burmese father waits nearby selling tiny packets of heroin. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
Burmese heroin addicts shooting up on waste ground - having finished with the syringe, the man squatting will pass it to the other man who will inject his fix into his penis. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
After Afganistan, Burma is the second largest producer of heroin in the world.
Burmese heroin addicts shooting up on waste ground - having finished with the syringe, the man squatting will pass it to the other man who will inject his fix into his penis. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
After Afganistan, Burma is the second largest producer of heroin in the world.
Burmese heroin addicts shooting up on waste ground - having finished with the syringe, the man squatting will pass it to the other man who will inject his fix into his penis. Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
After Afganistan, Burma is the second largest producer of heroin in the world.
Men suffering from AIDS being helped by their children onto their family boats on the Irrawaddy River at Prome. The itinerant families erect makeshift homes on the banks of the river, travelling according to the seasons and available work.
In 2004, the military spent a paltry $22,000 on healthcare for HIV/AIDS. The World Health Organisation estimates that there are around 48,000 deaths as a consequence of AIDS every year in Burma.
Men suffering from AIDS being helped by their children onto their family boats on the Irrawaddy River at Prome. The itinerant families erect makeshift homes on the banks of the river, travelling according to the seasons and available work.
In 2004, the military spent a paltry $22,000 on healthcare for HIV/AIDS. The World Health Organisation estimates that there are around 48,000 deaths as a consequence of AIDS every year in Burma.
Men suffering from AIDS being helped by their children onto their family boats on the Irrawaddy River at Prome. The itinerant families erect makeshift homes on the banks of the river, travelling according to the seasons and available work.
In 2004, the military spent a paltry $22,000 on healthcare for HIV/AIDS. The World Health Organisation estimates that there are around 48,000 deaths as a consequence of AIDS every year in Burma.
A Burmese woman suffering from AIDS, buying steambread for her children in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
Research by epidemiologists has revealed that Burma is the axis from where almost all strains of HIV in Asia are now originating.
A Burmese woman suffering from AIDS, buying steambread for her children in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
Research by epidemiologists has revealed that Burma is the axis from where almost all strains of HIV in Asia are now originating.
A Burmese woman suffering from AIDS, buying steambread for her children in Ruili, Yunnan Province, China.
Research by epidemiologists has revealed that Burma is the axis from where almost all strains of HIV in Asia are now originating.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
Young women from Burma working in an illegal gambling den for truck drivers, where sex was also available at a price. Close to an official border crossing into Kachin State, Burma, from Yunnan State, China.
Young women from Burma working in an illegal gambling den for truck drivers, where sex was also available at a price. Close to an official border crossing into Kachin State, Burma, from Yunnan State, China.
Young women from Burma working in an illegal gambling den for truck drivers, where sex was also available at a price. Close to an official border crossing into Kachin State, Burma, from Yunnan State, China.
The temporary makeshift home of a family of homeless itinerants, living outside a temple during a full moon festival. While drinking moonshine, the father is gambling the money he had earned during the day. Maymyo, Shan State.
The temporary makeshift home of a family of homeless itinerants, living outside a temple during a full moon festival. While drinking moonshine, the father is gambling the money he had earned during the day. Maymyo, Shan State.
The temporary makeshift home of a family of homeless itinerants, living outside a temple during a full moon festival. While drinking moonshine, the father is gambling the money he had earned during the day. Maymyo, Shan State.
A boy working as a porter at the Pegu fish market, as a monsoon downpour briefly halts the auction. Child workers and scavengers are an everyday aspect of life in Burma. They do not attend school because fees are beyond their family's means, and must instead eke out a living or contribute to their family's survival.
A boy working as a porter at the Pegu fish market, as a monsoon downpour briefly halts the auction. Child workers and scavengers are an everyday aspect of life in Burma. They do not attend school because fees are beyond their family's means, and must instead eke out a living or contribute to their family's survival.
A boy working as a porter at the Pegu fish market, as a monsoon downpour briefly halts the auction. Child workers and scavengers are an everyday aspect of life in Burma. They do not attend school because fees are beyond their family's means, and must instead eke out a living or contribute to their family's survival.
Children resting from heavy work; the re-surfacing of a road in Prome, Pegu Division. The majority of the work was being carried out by children, while the foreman of the project was the wife of a Burma Army officer.
Children resting from heavy work; the re-surfacing of a road in Prome, Pegu Division. The majority of the work was being carried out by children, while the foreman of the project was the wife of a Burma Army officer.
Children resting from heavy work; the re-surfacing of a road in Prome, Pegu Division. The majority of the work was being carried out by children, while the foreman of the project was the wife of a Burma Army officer.
Boys trying to climb to the top of a suspended, motor-oiled banana tree, to claim a prize. These festivities, to mark the 50th anniversary of Burma's independence, were occuring close to the cordoned off home of imprisoned Nobel Peace laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Sheltering in the shade of trees around the park were dozens of heavily armed Burma Army soldiers, ready for any possible trouble or demonstrations. Rangoon, Burma.
Boys trying to climb to the top of a suspended, motor-oiled banana tree, to claim a prize. These festivities, to mark the 50th anniversary of Burma's independence, were occuring close to the cordoned off home of imprisoned Nobel Peace laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Sheltering in the shade of trees around the park were dozens of heavily armed Burma Army soldiers, ready for any possible trouble or demonstrations. Rangoon, Burma.
Boys trying to climb to the top of a suspended, motor-oiled banana tree, to claim a prize. These festivities, to mark the 50th anniversary of Burma's independence, were occuring close to the cordoned off home of imprisoned Nobel Peace laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Sheltering in the shade of trees around the park were dozens of heavily armed Burma Army soldiers, ready for any possible trouble or demonstrations. Rangoon, Burma.
Burma Army soldiers stationed at the entrance to a Buddhist temple in Mandalay. The armed soldier on the right was 19 years old, while his colleague was 14 years old. The troops had been stationed in temples and monasteries because of dissension towards the junta expressed by leading monks. Burma is accused of having as many as 70,000 child soldiers amongst its ranks.
Burma Army soldiers stationed at the entrance to a Buddhist temple in Mandalay. The armed soldier on the right was 19 years old, while his colleague was 14 years old. The troops had been stationed in temples and monasteries because of dissension towards the junta expressed by leading monks. Burma is accused of having as many as 70,000 child soldiers amongst its ranks.
Burma Army soldiers stationed at the entrance to a Buddhist temple in Mandalay. The armed soldier on the right was 19 years old, while his colleague was 14 years old. The troops had been stationed in temples and monasteries because of dissension towards the junta expressed by leading monks. Burma is accused of having as many as 70,000 child soldiers amongst its ranks.
Karen girls fishing with woven bamboo nets along roadside irrigation dykes. In these rural areas ethnic women and girls face an ever present threat of sexual violence perpetrated by Burma Army soldiers who are notorious for using rape as a weapon of war in their efforts to dominate, subjugate and terrorize minority communities - especially in areas where armed resistance continues. Hpa-An township, Kawthoolei (the Karen homeland).
Karen girls fishing with woven bamboo nets along roadside irrigation dykes. In these rural areas ethnic women and girls face an ever present threat of sexual violence perpetrated by Burma Army soldiers who are notorious for using rape as a weapon of war in their efforts to dominate, subjugate and terrorize minority communities - especially in areas where armed resistance continues. Hpa-An township, Kawthoolei (the Karen homeland).
Karen girls fishing with woven bamboo nets along roadside irrigation dykes. In these rural areas ethnic women and girls face an ever present threat of sexual violence perpetrated by Burma Army soldiers who are notorious for using rape as a weapon of war in their efforts to dominate, subjugate and terrorize minority communities - especially in areas where armed resistance continues. Hpa-An township, Kawthoolei (the Karen homeland).
Ethnic Karen children in the Internally Displaced Person's (IDP) camp at Ler Per Her, Kawthoolei. The camp has since been abandoned during early 2009 because Burma Army forces launched a major offensive against the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) in the area. Over 3,500 villagers crossed into Thailand because of the fighting.
Ethnic Karen children in the Internally Displaced Person's (IDP) camp at Ler Per Her, Kawthoolei. The camp has since been abandoned during early 2009 because Burma Army forces launched a major offensive against the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) in the area. Over 3,500 villagers crossed into Thailand because of the fighting.
Ethnic Karen children in the Internally Displaced Person's (IDP) camp at Ler Per Her, Kawthoolei. The camp has since been abandoned during early 2009 because Burma Army forces launched a major offensive against the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) in the area. Over 3,500 villagers crossed into Thailand because of the fighting.
A traumatised Karen girl taking refuge with her family in an All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) clinic. Her older brother was being treated for life-threatening cerebral malaria. The family fled their remote home in Kawthoolei, shortly before it was attacked and raised to the ground by Burma Army troops. Her mother's brother was captured and beaten to death by the soldiers because he couldn't understand the questions of the Burmese-speaking troops as the villagers spoke only Karen.
In areas where armed resistance continues against the Burma Army, the civilian population and its infrastructure are targeted: the Burma Army's '4 Cuts' policy aims to destroy insurgent activity by cutting food, funding, intelligence and recruits, and is implemented against communities en masse in freee-fire zones.
A traumatised Karen girl taking refuge with her family in an All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) clinic. Her older brother was being treated for life-threatening cerebral malaria. The family fled their remote home in Kawthoolei, shortly before it was attacked and raised to the ground by Burma Army troops. Her mother's brother was captured and beaten to death by the soldiers because he couldn't understand the questions of the Burmese-speaking troops as the villagers spoke only Karen.
In areas where armed resistance continues against the Burma Army, the civilian population and its infrastructure are targeted: the Burma Army's '4 Cuts' policy aims to destroy insurgent activity by cutting food, funding, intelligence and recruits, and is implemented against communities en masse in freee-fire zones.
A traumatised Karen girl taking refuge with her family in an All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) clinic. Her older brother was being treated for life-threatening cerebral malaria. The family fled their remote home in Kawthoolei, shortly before it was attacked and raised to the ground by Burma Army troops. Her mother's brother was captured and beaten to death by the soldiers because he couldn't understand the questions of the Burmese-speaking troops as the villagers spoke only Karen.
In areas where armed resistance continues against the Burma Army, the civilian population and its infrastructure are targeted: the Burma Army's '4 Cuts' policy aims to destroy insurgent activity by cutting food, funding, intelligence and recruits, and is implemented against communities en masse in freee-fire zones.
Members of the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), Regiment 303, about to redeploy to a newly established military camp in Karenni State. Most of the soldiers are former students involved in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, who fled, many while still teenagers, to the Thai/Burmese border to avoid the deadly clampdown that followed the nationwide demonstrations in which at least 3,000 [Burma Army generals have claimed 10,000] people were killed by the authorities. Many of these ABSDF soldiers continue to fight (now 23 years) the Burma Army in the jungles along the Thailand/Burma frontier, while others have been granted asylum and have created new lives for themselves in developed nations.
Members of the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), Regiment 303, about to redeploy to a newly established military camp in Karenni State. Most of the soldiers are former students involved in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, who fled, many while still teenagers, to the Thai/Burmese border to avoid the deadly clampdown that followed the nationwide demonstrations in which at least 3,000 [Burma Army generals have claimed 10,000] people were killed by the authorities. Many of these ABSDF soldiers continue to fight (now 23 years) the Burma Army in the jungles along the Thailand/Burma frontier, while others have been granted asylum and have created new lives for themselves in developed nations.
Members of the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), Regiment 303, about to redeploy to a newly established military camp in Karenni State. Most of the soldiers are former students involved in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, who fled, many while still teenagers, to the Thai/Burmese border to avoid the deadly clampdown that followed the nationwide demonstrations in which at least 3,000 [Burma Army generals have claimed 10,000] people were killed by the authorities. Many of these ABSDF soldiers continue to fight (now 23 years) the Burma Army in the jungles along the Thailand/Burma frontier, while others have been granted asylum and have created new lives for themselves in developed nations.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) members initiated into the Buddhist monkhood as part of their personal lifelong religious duty. The young man in the centre is a former Burma Army soldier who deserted his post because of what he claimed was bullying. Weeks later he disappeared from an ABSDF military camp with several automatic weapons, returning to Burma Army lines. Ethnic insurgents are often reluctant to take Burma Army deserters into their ranks as their have been occasions when spies have gathered sensitive information or have turned their weapons on resistance fighters at critical moments.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) members initiated into the Buddhist monkhood as part of their personal lifelong religious duty. The young man in the centre is a former Burma Army soldier who deserted his post because of what he claimed was bullying. Weeks later he disappeared from an ABSDF military camp with several automatic weapons, returning to Burma Army lines. Ethnic insurgents are often reluctant to take Burma Army deserters into their ranks as their have been occasions when spies have gathered sensitive information or have turned their weapons on resistance fighters at critical moments.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) members initiated into the Buddhist monkhood as part of their personal lifelong religious duty. The young man in the centre is a former Burma Army soldier who deserted his post because of what he claimed was bullying. Weeks later he disappeared from an ABSDF military camp with several automatic weapons, returning to Burma Army lines. Ethnic insurgents are often reluctant to take Burma Army deserters into their ranks as their have been occasions when spies have gathered sensitive information or have turned their weapons on resistance fighters at critical moments.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front, Regiment 303, soldiers playing chess in a frontline position opposite Burma Army forces. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front, Regiment 303, soldiers playing chess in a frontline position opposite Burma Army forces. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
All Burma Students' Democratic Front, Regiment 303, soldiers playing chess in a frontline position opposite Burma Army forces. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
A Karenni Army soldier priming a Claymore mine, days before a major offensive against combined Karenni/ABSDF forces, by the Burma Army. Although the Burma Army eventually captured the Karenni/ABSDF hilltop fortifications, their commanding officer later admitted that over 300 Burma Army soldiers were killed in the offensives. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
A Karenni Army soldier priming a Claymore mine, days before a major offensive against combined Karenni/ABSDF forces, by the Burma Army. Although the Burma Army eventually captured the Karenni/ABSDF hilltop fortifications, their commanding officer later admitted that over 300 Burma Army soldiers were killed in the offensives. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
A Karenni Army soldier priming a Claymore mine, days before a major offensive against combined Karenni/ABSDF forces, by the Burma Army. Although the Burma Army eventually captured the Karenni/ABSDF hilltop fortifications, their commanding officer later admitted that over 300 Burma Army soldiers were killed in the offensives. Ember Hill, Karenni State.
Early morning rollcall for Karenni Army soldiers at the hilltop forfication of Ngya Mu, close to the Thai frontier. The Burma Army have tried on numerous occasions to capture the strategic position, but with no success. Burma's generals have also supplied pro-junta Karenni forces - the Karenni Nationalities Peoples' Liberation Front (KNPLF) - with weaponry and logistical support, in an attempt to dislodge the Karenni Army. It is part of the dictators' strategy to defeat ethnic resistance by dividing loyalties and fermenting distrust between ethnic organisations, so that they fight one another and not the junta.
Early morning rollcall for Karenni Army soldiers at the hilltop forfication of Ngya Mu, close to the Thai frontier. The Burma Army have tried on numerous occasions to capture the strategic position, but with no success. Burma's generals have also supplied pro-junta Karenni forces - the Karenni Nationalities Peoples' Liberation Front (KNPLF) - with weaponry and logistical support, in an attempt to dislodge the Karenni Army. It is part of the dictators' strategy to defeat ethnic resistance by dividing loyalties and fermenting distrust between ethnic organisations, so that they fight one another and not the junta.
Early morning rollcall for Karenni Army soldiers at the hilltop forfication of Ngya Mu, close to the Thai frontier. The Burma Army have tried on numerous occasions to capture the strategic position, but with no success. Burma's generals have also supplied pro-junta Karenni forces - the Karenni Nationalities Peoples' Liberation Front (KNPLF) - with weaponry and logistical support, in an attempt to dislodge the Karenni Army. It is part of the dictators' strategy to defeat ethnic resistance by dividing loyalties and fermenting distrust between ethnic organisations, so that they fight one another and not the junta.
Early morning. A 120mm Burma Army mortar shell explodes at the beginning of the second battle for Ember Hill, Karenni State. This All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) soldier was one of four young men who joined the student army after being forced to porter for the Burma Army. They escaped by fleeing across minefields. This combatant was later killed in action, fighting soldiers of the pro-junta Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF).
Early morning. A 120mm Burma Army mortar shell explodes at the beginning of the second battle for Ember Hill, Karenni State. This All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) soldier was one of four young men who joined the student army after being forced to porter for the Burma Army. They escaped by fleeing across minefields. This combatant was later killed in action, fighting soldiers of the pro-junta Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF).
Early morning. A 120mm Burma Army mortar shell explodes at the beginning of the second battle for Ember Hill, Karenni State. This All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) soldier was one of four young men who joined the student army after being forced to porter for the Burma Army. They escaped by fleeing across minefields. This combatant was later killed in action, fighting soldiers of the pro-junta Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF).
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) combatant is hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm mortar shell. He had noticed Burma Army troops closing in on the hilltop position and had opened fire on them. A mortar shell slammed in behind him, smashing an inch-long shard of metal into one of his lungs.
On the first day of fighting (during the second battle for Ember Hill) over 400 mortar shells were fired by the Burma Army at joint ABSDF/Karenni Army forces. On the second day it was double that.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) combatant is hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm mortar shell. He had noticed Burma Army troops closing in on the hilltop position and had opened fire on them. A mortar shell slammed in behind him, smashing an inch-long shard of metal into one of his lungs.
On the first day of fighting (during the second battle for Ember Hill) over 400 mortar shells were fired by the Burma Army at joint ABSDF/Karenni Army forces. On the second day it was double that.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) combatant is hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm mortar shell. He had noticed Burma Army troops closing in on the hilltop position and had opened fire on them. A mortar shell slammed in behind him, smashing an inch-long shard of metal into one of his lungs.
On the first day of fighting (during the second battle for Ember Hill) over 400 mortar shells were fired by the Burma Army at joint ABSDF/Karenni Army forces. On the second day it was double that.
Karenni Regular Guerrilla Forces combatant Antonio taking cover in a trench as Burma Army mortar shells rain down on the hilltop position. After 4 days of intense fighting, joint Karenni and ABSDF forces abandoned Ember Hill after running out of ammunition.
The 13-year old Karenni fighter joined the Karenni resistance after his family and fellow villagers were about to be forcibly moved to a relocation camp controlled by the Burma Army. Over a thousand villagers chose to walk to Thailand, at the height of the hot season, to seek refuge in the Karenni refugee camps. Another 7-8,000 villagers were interned by the Burma Army in western Karenni State.
Karenni Regular Guerrilla Forces combatant Antonio taking cover in a trench as Burma Army mortar shells rain down on the hilltop position. After 4 days of intense fighting, joint Karenni and ABSDF forces abandoned Ember Hill after running out of ammunition.
The 13-year old Karenni fighter joined the Karenni resistance after his family and fellow villagers were about to be forcibly moved to a relocation camp controlled by the Burma Army. Over a thousand villagers chose to walk to Thailand, at the height of the hot season, to seek refuge in the Karenni refugee camps. Another 7-8,000 villagers were interned by the Burma Army in western Karenni State.
Karenni Regular Guerrilla Forces combatant Antonio taking cover in a trench as Burma Army mortar shells rain down on the hilltop position. After 4 days of intense fighting, joint Karenni and ABSDF forces abandoned Ember Hill after running out of ammunition.
The 13-year old Karenni fighter joined the Karenni resistance after his family and fellow villagers were about to be forcibly moved to a relocation camp controlled by the Burma Army. Over a thousand villagers chose to walk to Thailand, at the height of the hot season, to seek refuge in the Karenni refugee camps. Another 7-8,000 villagers were interned by the Burma Army in western Karenni State.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) medic monitoring the intravenous drip given to a wounded student comrade who is being evacuated from the frontline having been hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm Burma Army mortar shell.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) medic monitoring the intravenous drip given to a wounded student comrade who is being evacuated from the frontline having been hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm Burma Army mortar shell.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) medic monitoring the intravenous drip given to a wounded student comrade who is being evacuated from the frontline having been hit in the back by shrapnel from a 120mm Burma Army mortar shell.
Prisoners of War. Burma Army soldiers captured when Karenni forces overran their outposts close to the Thai frontier. Scores of Burma Army soldiers were killed in the attack. Twenty seven Burma Army soldiers, many of those injured, were captured. Thirteen survived. Of those, four decided to join the Karenni Army while nine others were repatriated to Burma by a Thai NGO. When Burma Army troops re-entered the outposts dozens lost legs after standing on landmines, or were injured by booby traps left by Karenni soldiers.
Prisoners of War. Burma Army soldiers captured when Karenni forces overran their outposts close to the Thai frontier. Scores of Burma Army soldiers were killed in the attack. Twenty seven Burma Army soldiers, many of those injured, were captured. Thirteen survived. Of those, four decided to join the Karenni Army while nine others were repatriated to Burma by a Thai NGO. When Burma Army troops re-entered the outposts dozens lost legs after standing on landmines, or were injured by booby traps left by Karenni soldiers.
Prisoners of War. Burma Army soldiers captured when Karenni forces overran their outposts close to the Thai frontier. Scores of Burma Army soldiers were killed in the attack. Twenty seven Burma Army soldiers, many of those injured, were captured. Thirteen survived. Of those, four decided to join the Karenni Army while nine others were repatriated to Burma by a Thai NGO. When Burma Army troops re-entered the outposts dozens lost legs after standing on landmines, or were injured by booby traps left by Karenni soldiers.
An elderly ethnic Karen farmer showing the scars he sustained after being shot by Burma Army troops, when they attacked him as he worked in his farm in Kawthoolei.
An elderly ethnic Karen farmer showing the scars he sustained after being shot by Burma Army troops, when they attacked him as he worked in his farm in Kawthoolei.
An elderly ethnic Karen farmer showing the scars he sustained after being shot by Burma Army troops, when they attacked him as he worked in his farm in Kawthoolei.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front combatant recovering at Mae Tao clinic, Thailand, days after the home-made landmine he was planting, exploded prematurely; destroying his hands and forearms, blinding him in one eye, while leaving his other eye badly damaged. The student soldier had been given rear-guard duties as he had previously been shot through the thigh, while in combat. The ABSDF headquarters at Dawn Gwin fell to the Burma Army shortly after this photograph was made.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front combatant recovering at Mae Tao clinic, Thailand, days after the home-made landmine he was planting, exploded prematurely; destroying his hands and forearms, blinding him in one eye, while leaving his other eye badly damaged. The student soldier had been given rear-guard duties as he had previously been shot through the thigh, while in combat. The ABSDF headquarters at Dawn Gwin fell to the Burma Army shortly after this photograph was made.
An All Burma Students' Democratic Front combatant recovering at Mae Tao clinic, Thailand, days after the home-made landmine he was planting, exploded prematurely; destroying his hands and forearms, blinding him in one eye, while leaving his other eye badly damaged. The student soldier had been given rear-guard duties as he had previously been shot through the thigh, while in combat. The ABSDF headquarters at Dawn Gwin fell to the Burma Army shortly after this photograph was made.
K'Raw Leh clinic. Karenni medics attending to a pregnant ethnic Kayah woman who has just been carried into Thailand suffering from exhaustion, dehydration and possibly malaria. She has fled to Thailand because of forced relocation by the Burma Army of all communities across the central region of Karenni State. It is estimated that over a third of Karenni people have been forced from their homes, as the Burma Army wages war on the people in a desperate effort to wipe out the 62-year long Karenni insurgency.
K'Raw Leh clinic. Karenni medics attending to a pregnant ethnic Kayah woman who has just been carried into Thailand suffering from exhaustion, dehydration and possibly malaria. She has fled to Thailand because of forced relocation by the Burma Army of all communities across the central region of Karenni State. It is estimated that over a third of Karenni people have been forced from their homes, as the Burma Army wages war on the people in a desperate effort to wipe out the 62-year long Karenni insurgency.
K'Raw Leh clinic. Karenni medics attending to a pregnant ethnic Kayah woman who has just been carried into Thailand suffering from exhaustion, dehydration and possibly malaria. She has fled to Thailand because of forced relocation by the Burma Army of all communities across the central region of Karenni State. It is estimated that over a third of Karenni people have been forced from their homes, as the Burma Army wages war on the people in a desperate effort to wipe out the 62-year long Karenni insurgency.
Karenni Regular Guerrila Forces soldiers stripping down and cleaning their weapons after returning from active duty, to a rest camp close to the Thailand/Burma frontier. Tanna Kwei, Karenni State.
Karenni Regular Guerrila Forces soldiers stripping down and cleaning their weapons after returning from active duty, to a rest camp close to the Thailand/Burma frontier. Tanna Kwei, Karenni State.
Karenni Regular Guerrila Forces soldiers stripping down and cleaning their weapons after returning from active duty, to a rest camp close to the Thailand/Burma frontier. Tanna Kwei, Karenni State.
A malnourished ethnic Kayaw child, suffering from cerebral malaria and running a dangerously high temperature, is cooled using water poured from a watering can over a towel. The clinic, in a Karenni refugee camp, had no medication to prescribe to the child. His family had fled forced relocation by the Burma Army, choosing to seek refuge in Thailand rather than be interned in what those who fled described as 'concentration camps' - located next to Burma Army installations where villagers were regularly forced to work unpaid for the military.
A malnourished ethnic Kayaw child, suffering from cerebral malaria and running a dangerously high temperature, is cooled using water poured from a watering can over a towel. The clinic, in a Karenni refugee camp, had no medication to prescribe to the child. His family had fled forced relocation by the Burma Army, choosing to seek refuge in Thailand rather than be interned in what those who fled described as 'concentration camps' - located next to Burma Army installations where villagers were regularly forced to work unpaid for the military.
A malnourished ethnic Kayaw child, suffering from cerebral malaria and running a dangerously high temperature, is cooled using water poured from a watering can over a towel. The clinic, in a Karenni refugee camp, had no medication to prescribe to the child. His family had fled forced relocation by the Burma Army, choosing to seek refuge in Thailand rather than be interned in what those who fled described as 'concentration camps' - located next to Burma Army installations where villagers were regularly forced to work unpaid for the military.
The burial of an ethnic Kayan man who died suddenly, at the age of 41, after complaining of stomach pains one evening. As there were no medical facilities in the refugee camp in which he lived, he had intended to visit a hospital in Mae Hong Son, Thailand, the following day. However, he died in the night - leaving behind a wife, four children and a grandson.
The burial of an ethnic Kayan man who died suddenly, at the age of 41, after complaining of stomach pains one evening. As there were no medical facilities in the refugee camp in which he lived, he had intended to visit a hospital in Mae Hong Son, Thailand, the following day. However, he died in the night - leaving behind a wife, four children and a grandson.
The burial of an ethnic Kayan man who died suddenly, at the age of 41, after complaining of stomach pains one evening. As there were no medical facilities in the refugee camp in which he lived, he had intended to visit a hospital in Mae Hong Son, Thailand, the following day. However, he died in the night - leaving behind a wife, four children and a grandson.
The brief biographies of a brother and sister living in an orphanage in a Karenni refugee camp in Thailand.
The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) is a previous incarnation of the Burmese military dictatorship and is used by many ethnic minority people as a general description to describe the Burma Army.
The brief biographies of a brother and sister living in an orphanage in a Karenni refugee camp in Thailand.
The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) is a previous incarnation of the Burmese military dictatorship and is used by many ethnic minority people as a general description to describe the Burma Army.
The brief biographies of a brother and sister living in an orphanage in a Karenni refugee camp in Thailand.
The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) is a previous incarnation of the Burmese military dictatorship and is used by many ethnic minority people as a general description to describe the Burma Army.
A teenage Karenni Army trainee, being educated at a local school, rather than being put on active service in the front line. For several years now, it has been the policy of the Karenni Army and the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) to stop the recruitment of or accept volunteers who are under 18 years of age, into the ranks of the Karenni armed resistance.
A teenage Karenni Army trainee, being educated at a local school, rather than being put on active service in the front line. For several years now, it has been the policy of the Karenni Army and the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) to stop the recruitment of or accept volunteers who are under 18 years of age, into the ranks of the Karenni armed resistance.
A teenage Karenni Army trainee, being educated at a local school, rather than being put on active service in the front line. For several years now, it has been the policy of the Karenni Army and the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) to stop the recruitment of or accept volunteers who are under 18 years of age, into the ranks of the Karenni armed resistance.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
An 8-year old Burmese girl suffering from AIDS, staying with her mother and other women infected with HIV, at a safe house in Mae Sot, Thailand. Receiving trained support and protection, the women are provided with an environment where they are free of victimization and the threat of violence. However, their financial security is perilous and their access to anti-retroviral therapy is non-existent. The girl's mother had worked as a housekeeper in Thailand.
A mentally ill boy being cared for in a 'safe house' for Burmese children who have been abandoned by their parents. Run by an exiled Burmese women's organisation, severly disabled children are cared for alongside orphans, HIV positive babies and the children of incarcerated prostitutes and drug dealers. Most of the children are able to attend non-State sponsored schooling organised by the same organisation. Thailand.
A mentally ill boy being cared for in a 'safe house' for Burmese children who have been abandoned by their parents. Run by an exiled Burmese women's organisation, severly disabled children are cared for alongside orphans, HIV positive babies and the children of incarcerated prostitutes and drug dealers. Most of the children are able to attend non-State sponsored schooling organised by the same organisation. Thailand.
A mentally ill boy being cared for in a 'safe house' for Burmese children who have been abandoned by their parents. Run by an exiled Burmese women's organisation, severly disabled children are cared for alongside orphans, HIV positive babies and the children of incarcerated prostitutes and drug dealers. Most of the children are able to attend non-State sponsored schooling organised by the same organisation. Thailand.
